Detection and prevalence of extended spectrum ?-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria at our health-care center

Background: Emergence of extended spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Gram-negative bacteria can lead to serious infections frequently complicates the clinical and treatment outcome. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to know the prevalence of ESBLs and to know the most common Gram-negative bacteria, which produce ESBLs at our health-care facility. Materials and Methods: This study comprised all of the isolates of Gram-negative bacteria that were acquired from various clinical samples. For the purpose of the investigation, a sample of an isolate that showed resistance to two or more third-generation cephalosporins was taken. ESBL detection and antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out using conventional microbiological techniques. Results: We isolated a total of 284 Gram-negative bacteria and 54 (19%) were identified as ESBL producers. Out 54 ESBL producers, 18 (33%) isolates were Escherichia coli, 11 (20%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12 (22%) were Klebsiellae, 6 (11%) were Enterobacter, 2 (4%) were Citrobacter, 4 (8%) were Acinetobacter, and 1 (2%) were Serratia spp. Conclusion: Clinical decision-makers can make the best antibiotic treatment by regularly monitoring multi-drug resistant bacteria like ESBL producers. This also helps to improve infection control procedures. In addition, we must maintain reserve medications like carbapenems on hand for judicial use.

Gastric cancer risk assessment based on serum pepsinogen / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#Cases of gastric cancer have been declining worldwide in recent years. However, gastric cancer incidence increased in the last decade in Mongolia. In Mongolia, over 80% of gastric cancer cases are diagnosed during the late stage. Several studies have revealed that serum pepsinogens (PGs) level reflects, indirectly, histological and functional characteristics of the gastric mucosa.@*Goal@#We aimed to evaluate the risk of gastric cancer and its precancerous condition based on serum PGI, PGI/II biomarkers.@*Materials and Methods@#This case-control study enrolled 114 subjects, including patients with gastric cancer (n=36), atrophic gastritis (n=40) and healthy controls (n=138). The questionnaires were obtained to determine risk factors. Serum PGI, PGII, and H. pylori IgG levels were measured by ELISA (Pepsinogen I ELISA; Pepsinogen II ELISA; H.Pylori IgG ELISA; BIOHIT Plc, Helsinki, Finland). PGI to PGII ratio was calculated. Patients were classified into the ABC(D) group according to Miki K approach. Also, we developed new scoring system based on some risk factors and serum PGI, PGI/II ratio. Logistic regressions were performed to evaluate risk and expressed by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).@*Results@#Mean age of the subjects was 60±10.9 years. H.Pylori was positive in 67 subjects. The serum PGI and PGI/II ratio levels were significantly decreased in gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis groups compared to the healthy control. According to classification ABC(D), group D (OR 5.04, 95% CI 1.13-22.50) had higher proportion of atrophic gastritis cases, group C (OR 6.19, 95% CI 1.04-36.78) had higher proportion of gastric cancer cases than others. Additionally, we created a risk prediction scoring system with a score ranging from 0 to 7, based on variables age, family history of gastric cancer, prior disease history, PGI and PGI/II ratio levels. For the atrophic gastritis patients, 17 (42.5%) were classified into medium-risk category (OR 4.49, 95% CI 1.38-14.58) and 17 (42.5%) were classified into high-risk category (OR 7.69, 95% CI 2.16-27.43). Whereas, 11 (30.6%) patients with gastric cancer were classified into medium-risk category (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.13-16.85), 21 (58.3%) were classified into high-risk category (OR 14.25, 95% CI 3.60-56.43).@*Conclusion@#The methods based on serum PGI and PGI/II may identify a high risk population of gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis.

Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el tiempo entre la detección de lesiones premalignas de cuello de útero y su tratamiento

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha afectado la salud de la mujer y en particular a los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. En el contexto de cambios asistenciales por la pandemia COVID 19, podría verse afectado el tamizaje y seguimiento de las lesiones premalignas de los cánceres de cuello de útero (CCU), poniendo en riesgo su diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento precoz. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar los tiempos transcurridos entre el resultado de screening patológico y el tratamiento de lesiones premalignas de CCU, cotejando con los plazos establecidos por la ordenanza ministerial vigente y comparando los tiempos observados antes y durante la pandemia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, mediante un análisis comparativo antes y después de la pandemia por COVID-19. Se incluyeron usuarias a quienes se les realizó conización quirúrgica en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en dos períodos de tiempo: 1 de marzo de 2019 a 29 de febrero de 2020, y 1 de marzo de 2020 a 28 de febrero de 2021. Resultados: la media en días observada desde el PAP hasta la conización fue de 245 para el primer periodo y de 242 para el segundo. El porcentaje de pacientes que cumplen con la ordenanza ministerial en ambos períodos no supera el 5%. Conclusiones: no se evidenció una mayor demora en el seguimiento y tratamiento de estas usuarias durante la pandemia por COVID-19, sin embargo los tiempos observados superan ampliamente los establecidos por Ordenanza Ministerial en los periodos pre pandemia y durante la misma.

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has affected women's health in general, and in particular their sexual and reproductive rights. Within the context of changes in health care services due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the screening and follow up of cervical precancerous lesions could be affected, and in turn, this could prevent timely diagnosis and early treatment. This study aims to report the period of time be-tween pathological findings in screening tests and the treatment of precancerous lesions of cervical cancer, analyze it within the context of deadlines set in the Ministry of Health regulations in force, and compare it to pre-pandemic deadlines and time frames during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: observational, analytical and transversal study conducted by means of analyzing the situation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The study included users who underwent surgical conization at the Pereira Rossell Hospital during two periods of time: Between March 1, 2019 and February 29, 2020 and between March 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. Results: average number of days from the PAP test until conization was 245 days for the first period and 242 for the second one. The percentage of patients that comply with the Ministerial decree in both periods is lower than 5%. Conclusions: the study found time to treatment in the follow up and management of users did not increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the times ob-served widely exceed the deadlines set in the ministerial decree in both periods, that is before and during the pandemic.

Introdução: a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou a saúde das mulheres e em particular os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. No contexto das mudanças na saúde devido à pandemia de COVID 19, o rastreamento e o acompanhamento das lesões pré-malignas do câncer de colo de útero (CCU) podem ser afetados, colocando em risco o diagnóstico oportuno e o tratamento precoce. Objetivo: descrever os tempos decorridos entre o resultado do rastreamento patológico e o tratamento das lesões pré-malignas do CCU, comparando-os com os períodos estabelecidos pela atual Portaria Ministerial, e comparar os tempos observados antes e durante a pandemia. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e transversal por meio de uma análise comparativa antes e após a pandemia de COVID19. Foram incluídos as usuárias que realizaram a conização cirúrgica no Hospital Pereira Rossell em dois períodos de tempo: 1º de março de 2019 a 29 de fevereiro de 2020 e 1º de março de 2020 a 28 de fevereiro de 2021. Resultados: a média de dias observados do PAP à conização foi de 245 para o primeiro período e 242 para o segundo. O percentual de pacientes que cumprem a Portaria Ministerial em ambos os períodos não ultrapassa 5%. Conclusões: não houve evidência de maior demora no acompanhamento e tratamento desses usuários durante a pandemia por COVID-19, porém os tempos observados superam em muito os estabelecidos por Portaria Ministerial nos períodos pré-pandemia e durante a mesma.

Obesity effects on sleep quality with anthropometric and metabolic changes

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Obesity is one of the etiological factors of sleep disorders (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of obesity on sleep quality by using the Pittsburgh Quality İndex and Berlin Question are and evaluate the association of sleep with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. METHODS: A total of 76 patients (41 females and 35 males) between the ages of 18 and 70 years with a body mass index >30 kg/m2 were included in this study. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were analyzed. Sleep quality was evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Berlin Questionnaire, and the Restless Leg Syndrome Questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant correlation was observed between Pittsburgh sleep quality index and body mass index, neck circumference, body fat index, muscle mass, hip and waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (ps<0.005). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index median (2.5-97.5 percentile) value was 8 (2-18.6) in the patient group and 3.5 (0.1-7.9) in the control group (p<0.0001). Body mass index was found to be the predictor on Pittsburgh sleep quality index (R2=0.162, F=3.726, analysis of variance p=0.008). Notably, 88% (67) and 95% (57) of the poor sleepers were found to be at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea according to Berlin Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Also, the frequency of restless leg syndrome was 45% in obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant correlation between Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Also, the frequency of obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome was 88% and 45%, respectively, in obese individuals.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Denver II: teste de triagem do desenvolvimento / Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Denver II: developmental screening test

Resumo O Denver II tem como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de crianças entre 0 e 6 anos de idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores, validade concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade da versão brasileira do Denver II. Estudo metodológico transversal. Participaram 254 crianças, entre 0 e 72 meses, com risco para atraso no desenvolvimento. Dois examinadores verificaram a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores do Denver II. Validade concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade foram verificadas com relação à versão brasileira do Ages & Stages Questionnaires como teste de critério. Análise estatística utilizou o Intraclass Correlation Coeficiente, Teste de Correlação de Spearman e Tabela de Contingência, nível de significância α=0.05. Os resultados identificaram que a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores foi excelente em toda a amostra. A validade concorrente apresentou índices moderados a muito fortes entre 13 e 60 meses. Índices de sensibilidade e especificidade variaram de 73-99% e 58-92%, respectivamente. A versão brasileira do Denver II apresenta bons índices de propriedades psicométricas sendo um instrumento confiável e válido para ser aplicado em crianças brasileiras sob risco de atraso no desenvolvimento.

Abstract The scope of the Denver II Developmental Screening Test is to assess the development of children between 0 and 6 years of age. The aim of this study was to verify evidence of intra- and inter-examiner reliability, concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity of the Brazilian version of Denver II. It involved a cross-sectional methodological study. A total of 254 children, between 0 and 72 months with risk of developmental delay, participated in the study. Two examiners verified the Denver II intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity were checked against the Brazilian version of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires as a criterion-referenced test. Statistical analysis used the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Spearman's Correlation Test and Contingency Table, the level of significance being α=0.05. The results identified that intra and inter examiner reliability was excellent in all age groups. Concurrent validity showed moderate to very strong rates in the 13-to-60-month age group. The sensitivity and specificity indices ranged from 73-99% and 58-92%, respectively. The Brazilian version of Denver II has good rates of psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument to be applied to Brazilian children at risk of developmental delay.

Oncologic Panendoscopy: Description of an Optimized Procedure Based on Our Experience

Abstract Introduction All patients with a new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) undergo diagnostic panendoscopy as part of the screening for synchronous second primary tumors. It includes a pharyngolaryngoscopy (PLS), a tracheobronchoscopy and esophagoscopy, and a stomatoscopy. Rigid techniques are risky, with long learning curves. Objective We propose a precise description of the panendoscopy protocol. We include an optimization of the PLS technique that completes the flexible esophagoscopy when rigid esophagoscopy isn't performed. Methods The present retrospective observational study includes 122 consecutive patients with a new primary HNSCC who underwent traditional panendoscopy and the new PLS technique between January 2014 and December 2016. A two-step procedure using a Macintosh laryngoscope and a 30° telescope first exposes panoramically the larynx, the upper trachea, and the oropharynx; then, in a second step, the hypopharynx is exposed down to the upper esophageal sphincter. Broncho-esophagoscopy is performed with a rigid and flexible scope. Results In total, 6 (5%) patients presented synchronous tumors (3 in the esophagus, 2 in the oral cavity, and 1 in the larynx 1). Rigid endoscopy was complicated by 2 (1,6%) dental lesions, and had to be completed with a flexible scope in 38 (33%) cases for exposition reasons. The two-step PLS offered a wide-angle view of the larynx, upper trachea, and oroand hypopharynx down to the sphincter of the upper esophagus. The procedure was easy, reliable, safe, repeatable, and effectively completed the flexible endoscopies. Conclusion Rigid esophagoscopy remains a difficult procedure. Two-step PLS combined with flexible broncho-esophagoscopy offers good optical control.

Utilidad del MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) como test de cribado para el deterioro cognitivo leve en población de hipertensos

Resumen: Introducción: La demencia es una enfermedad prioritaria en los servicios de salud de países en vías de desarrollo. El 30% de los pacientes hipertensos sin compromisos de otros órganos presentan daño vascular encefálico y deterioro de las funciones cognitivas. Es importante por tanto contar con test de tamizaje adecuado. Objetivos: Evaluar el status cognitivo en pacientes hipertensos utilizando en forma sistemática el test de MoCA. Evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad del mismo y determinar el punto de corte óptimo para detectar deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). Metodología: Estudio analítico observacional de corte transversal. Criterios de Inclusión. Pacientes mayores de 18 años, asistidos en la policlínica de hipertensión arterial del Hospital Maciel (2017- 2021). Criterios de Exclusión. Dificultades motoras, sensoriales, enfermedad psiquiátrica severa, analfabetismo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 137 pacientes con evaluación cognitiva La edad media 60,4 ± 12,5 91(66,4%) de sexo femenino. 103 (77,4%) Hipertensión arterial grado 3. Se detectaron 19 pacientes con DCL (13.9%) y 1 con demencia (0.7%). La mediana de puntuación del MoCA en el grupo sin DCL fue de 26 y de 21.5 en el grupo con DCL (p = 0.0001). Con un punto de corte de 26 el test de MoCA resultó alterado en 63 pacientes (49.5%), con una sensibilidad de 100% y especificidad de 58.7%. El valor predictivo positivo (VPP) fue de 28.6% y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de 100%. Con el descenso del punto de corte a 24, se logró el mejor balance entre sensibilidad y especificidad (88,9% y 78,9%) respectivamente. El VPP de 41,0% y VPN de 97,7%. En todos los pacientes el DCL fue de tipo multidominio. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en todos los dominios cognitivos, especialmente la función ejecutiva. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio el test de MoCA se muestra como un instrumento de gran utilidad para detectar DCL. El punto de corte óptimo para detectar DCL en esta población de hipertensos es 24.

Abstract: Introduction: Dementia is a priority disease in the health systems of developing countries. 30% of hypertensive patients without compromise of other organs present encephalic vascular damage and deterioration of cognitive functions. It is therefore important to have an adequate screening test. Objectives: To evaluate cognitive status in hypertensive patients systematically using the MoCA test. Evaluate its sensitivity and specificity and determine the optimal cut-off point to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methodology: Cross-sectional observational analytical study. Inclusion criteria. Patients over 18 years of age, attended at the High blood pressure (HBP) polyclinic of Hospital Maciel (2017-2021). Exclusion criteria. Motor and sensory difficulties, severe psychiatric illness, illiteracy. Results: 137 patients with cognitive evaluation were included. Mean age 60.4 ± 12.5 91 (66.4%) female. 103 (77.4%) HBP grade 3, 19 patients with (MCI) (13.9%) and 1 with dementia (0.7%) were detected. The median MoCA score in the group without MCI was 26 and 21.5 in the group with MCI (p =0.0001). With a cut-off point of 26, the MOCA test was altered in 63 patients (49.5%) with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 58.7%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 28.6% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. By lowering the cut-off point to 24, the best balance between sensitivity and specificity was achieved (88.9% and 78.9%), respectively. The PPV of 41.0% and VPN of 97.7%. In all patients, the MCI was of the multidomain type. Significant differences were found in all cognitive domains, especially executive function. Conclusions: In our study, the MoCA test is shown to be a very useful instrument to detect MCI.The optimal cut-off point to detect MCI in this hypertensive population is 24.

Resumo: Introdução: A demência é uma doença prioritária nos sistemas de saúde dos países em desenvolvimento. 30% dos hipertensos sem envolvimento de outros órgãos apresentam lesão vascular encefálica e deterioração das funções cognitivas. Portanto, é importante ter um teste de triagem adequado. Objetivos: Avaliar o estado cognitivo em pacientes hipertensos sistematicamente por meio do teste MoCA. Avalie sua sensibilidade e especificidade e determine o ponto de corte ideal para detectar CCL. Metodologia: Estudo analítico observacional transversal. Critérios de incluso. Pacientes maiores de 18 anos, atendidos na policlínica hipertensão arterial do Hospital Maciel (2017-2021). Critérios de exclusão. Dificuldades motoras e sensoriais, doença psiquiátrica grave, analfabetismo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 137 pacientes com avaliação cognitiva, idade média 60,4 +/- 12,5 91 (66,4%) do sexo feminino, 103 (77,4%) hipertensão arterial grau 3. 19 pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) (13,9%) e 1 com demência (0,7%) foram detectados. A mediana do escore MOCA no grupo sem DCL foi de 26 e 21,5 no grupo com DCL (p=0,0001). Com ponto de corte de 26, o teste MOCA foi alterado em 63 pacientes (49,5%) com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 58,7%. O valor preditivo positivo (VPP) foi de 28,6% e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foi de 100%. Ao diminuir o ponto de corte para 24, obteve-se o melhor equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade (88,9% e 78,9%), respectivamente. O PPV de 41,0% e VPN de 97,7%. Em todos os pacientes, o CCL foi do tipo multidomínio. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas em todos os domínios cognitivos, especialmente na função executiva. Conclusões: Em nosso estudo, o teste MoCA mostrase um instrumento muito útil para detectar CCL. O ponto de corte ideal para detectar CCL nesta população hipertensa é 24.

False positives of screening in large-scale population with low infection rate of an infectious diseasea： a modeling analysis / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the positive predictive value （PPV） and false positive （FP） number of screening test in mass testing when the prevalence of infection is low. MethodsAssuming a population of 20 million with the prevalence of disease infection ranging from 0.1% to 5.0%， PPV， true positive （TP） and FP numbers were calculated under different scenarios of combination of sensitivity （99.0%， 99.5%， and 100.0%） with specificity （97.0%， 97.5%， 98.0%， 98.5%， 99.0%， 99.5%， and 99.9%）. ResultsFor low infection prevalence （≤5.0%）， specificity has a greater impact on PPV than sensitivity； with the decrease of infection prevalence， the increase in PPV elevates when the specificity increases. When the infection prevalence is >1.0%， the closer the specificity is to 99.9%， the closer the PPV is to 100.0%. However， when the infection prevalence is <1.0%， the maximum PPV is only about 90.0%. When the infection rate is 0.1%， a screening test with more than 99.0% sensitivity could detect about 20 thousand TP cases in a population of 20 million. Additionally， the FP and PPV are estimated to be 599 thousand and 3.2% if the specificity is 97.0%， and 20 thousand and 50.0% if the specificity is 99.9%. When the infection rate is 1.0%， a screening test with ≥99.0% sensitivity and ≥97.0% specificity could detect about 0.198‒0.200 million TP cases； and the number of FP decreases from 594 thousand to 20 thousand when the specificity increases from 97.0% to 99.9%. When the infection rate is 5.0%， a screening test with ≥99.0% sensitivity and ≥97.0% specificity could detect about 0.99‒1.00 million TP cases； and the number of FP decreases from 570 thousand to 19 thousand when the specificity increases from 97.0% to 99.9%. When the infection prevalence is ≤5.0% in a total population of 20 million， there are about 20，000 FP cases even if the sensitivity and specificity reach the maximum values of 100.0% and 99.9%， respectively. ConclusionWhen the population is large and the infection prevalence is low， in addition to improving the specificity of the screening test in mass testing， the problem of a large number of false positives cannot be ignored.

False negatives of screening in large-scale population / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the changing trend of negative predictive value and number of false negatives in screening tests under the condition of low infection rate of infectious diseases. MethodsAssuming that the population is 20 million， to calculate the negative predictive value， numbers of true negatives and false negatives of the combination of different sensitivity （75.0%， 80.0%， 85.0%， 90.0%， 95.0%， 99.0%） and specificity （90.0%， 95.0%， 99.0%， 99.9%） when the disease infection rate of the population is 0.10%， 1.0% and 5.0% respectively. ResultsWhen the population infection rate is 0.1%， with the screening test sensitivity ≥75.0% and specificity ≥90.0%， the number of true negatives in 20 million people is about 17.98‒19.96 million. When the sensitivity is 75.0%， the negative predictive value is 99.972%‒99.975%， and the number of false negatives is 5 000； When the sensitivity increases to 99.0%， the negative predictive value is 99.999%， and the number of false negatives decreases to 200. When the population infection rate is 1.0%， a screening test with sensitivity ≥75.0% and specificity ≥90.0% can detect about 17.82‒19.78 million true negatives in 20 million population. When the sensitivity is 75.0%， the negative predictive value is 99.720%‒99.748%， and the number of false negatives is 50 000； When the sensitivity increases to 99.0%， the negative predictive value increases to 99.990%， and the number of false negatives decreases to 2 000. When the population infection rate is 5.0%， with sensitivity ≥75.0% and specificity ≥90.0%， the number of true negatives in 20 million people is about 17.10‒18.98 million； when the sensitivity is 75.0%， the negative predictive value is 98.559%‒98.700%， and the number of false negatives can reach 250 000； When the sensitivity is 99.0%， the negative predictive value increases to 99.942%‒99.947%， and the number of false negatives decreases to 10 000. The lower the infection rate of the population， the fewer false negatives will appear in the screening. ConclusionThe number of false negatives in large-scale screenings increases exponentially with the increase of infection rate. Screenings should be carried out as early as possible in a pandemic of infectious diseases， so as to control the spread of the pandemic as soon as possible.

Comparação de dados normativos do "ages and stages questionnaires" original e adaptado para creches públicas do Rio de Janeiro / Comparison of normative data from the original "Ages and Stages Questionnaires" and adapted for public daycare centers in Rio de Janeiro

A Secretaria de Educação do município do Rio de Janeiro aplicou, em 2010, 2011 e 2012, nas 468 creches públicas, o instrumento "Ages & Stages Questionnaire", Terceira Edição, em sua versão adaptada e contextualizada ao Brasil (ASQ3-BR). Esta aplicação teve objetivo de fazer um rastreio do desenvolvimento de 109.758 crianças atendidas pelas creches, com idade entre 10 e 54 meses, especificamente em domínios relacionados à Comunicação, Coordenação Motora Ampla, Coordenação Motora Fina, Resolução de Problemas e Pessoal-Social. Os dados obtidos foram analisados visando o desenvolvimento de normas de interpretação do instrumento para população específica de crianças em creches brasileira. Isto foi realizado através do cálculo das médias e desvios-padrão dos escores, bem como pelos respectivos pontos de corte inferiores, considerados por dois desvios-padrão abaixo da média, e percentis de 5% e 10%. A partir deste procedimento, os resultados obtidos pelas crianças brasileiras foram comparados com os valores normativos estabelecidos pelo instrumento em seu original tanto para confirmar suas características psicométricas como para identificar possíveis diferenças nos resultados das crianças. Observou-se que os resultados obtidos nas creches públicas do Rio de Janeiro são inferiores àqueles observados no contexto norte-americano. Entretanto, eles tendem a se equiparar com o norte-americano no decorrer do amadurecimento da criança, especialmente quando elas ultrapassam os 24 meses de idade. Neste sentido, é possível sugerir que a estimulação oferecida pelas creches contribui para o desenvolvimento das crianças atendidas.

The Rio de Janeiro municipality Education Secretary applied in 2010, 2011, and 2012 the Portuguese-BR version (ASQ3-BR) of the Ages & Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition, in 468 public kindergartens to assess the development of 109,758 children aged 10 to 54 months. This endeavour was carried out to get information about the development of Communication, Gross Motor Coordination, Fine Motor Coordination, Problem Solving, and Personal-Social. The results were analysed, identifying the instrument's norms to its interpretation, as well as the respective cut-offs considering two standard deviations below the mean. In addition, the 5% and 10% percentiles based on the obtained scores were calculated. Also, the results were compared with normative values established by the original instrument to confirm its psychometric characteristics and to identify differences in the obtained data. It was observed that the results obtained in Rio de Janeiro's public daycare centers, although they started with results lower than those observed by the author of the instrument in the United States, after the age of 36 months, and with 24 months of living with other children, the results are matched with the American results, from which it can be concluded that the stimulation by living in daycare centers is effective for the psychomotor development of the children attended.

Análisis del uso de las técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de cáncer cervicouterino en Chile / Analysis of the use of screening techniques for the detection of cervical cancer in Chile

El Cáncer Cervicouterino es una de las principales problemáticas en salud de las mujeres a nivel mundial. Las técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de Cáncer Cervicouterino han ido desarrollándose a través de la historia reciente tanto intencionada como casualmente, incorporando con cada nuevo descubrimiento a las nuevas tecnologías. Actualmente existen diversos procedimientos vigentes que van desde pruebas sencillas de inspección visual, pasando por las tradicionales muestras citológicas, hasta la utilización de tecnología molecular, y los usos que se les dan a estos métodos de cribado potencian la detección temprana del Cáncer Cervicouterino, razón por lo cual se realiza una revisión respecto de las técnicas de tamizajes disponibles y su aplicación en Chile.

Cervical Cancer is one of the main problems in women's health worldwide. Screening techniques for the detection of Cervical Cancer have been developed throughout recent history both intentionally and incidentally, incorporating new technologies with each new discovery. Currently there are various procedures in force that range from simple visual inspection tests, through traditional cytological samples, to the use of molecular technology, and the uses that are given to these screening methods enhance the early detection of Cervical Cancer, which is why which is carried out a review regarding the available screening techniques and their application in Chile.

Examining the Impact of Aging and Interventions towards Burden of Diabetes Mellitus in Lao Population: A Model-Based Study / Lao Medical Journal

@#Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major public health concern, but with minimal data on how this affects the Lao population. We aimed at predicting the impact of the burden of DM, and determine the effectiveness of DM screening techniques to reduce related mortality in Lao PDR. Methods: A compartmentally deterministic model was created to reflect the demography in 2005 and 2015, and DM prevalence in 2015 of the Vientiane capital population. The parameters were retrieved from calibration and literature reviews. The model predicted demographic structure and DM in 2035. The effectiveness of DM screening tests, either Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), was examined in term of mortality reduction. Results: By 2035, the Vientiane population is expected to have annual grow of 0.89% with higher proportion of more elderly people; those aged 45 years old and older are expected to account for 39.3% in 2035. Overall prevalence of DM was expected to rise from 9.65% in 2015 to 13.4% in 2035 as a result of the aging population. The model predicts that the prevalence of DM would double (28.42%) in those aged >60 years old by 2035. The mortality rate is expected to increase more than double from 890 in 2015 to 1,808 deaths per 100,000 people in 2035, with the highest rate in those with undiagnosed diabetes and those older than 60 years. Screening by FPG test at an initial age of 35 years old is estimated to reduce mortality by 17.93%, and 16.80% for initial age screening at 45 years. Screening by HbA1c test would slightly increase the mortality reduction by approximately 1.20% at both initial screening ages. Conclusion: This mathematical modeling projected the steadily increase of prevalence and death related to DM over 30 years of simulation. Early screening by glycemia would reduce the mortality.

Inequalities in mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage: a time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cancer is a serious public issue problem worldwide. In Brazil, breast cancer is the most common type and cervical cancer is the third most frequent among women. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing, between 2007 and 2018. DESIGN AND SETTING: Time-series study conducted in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District. METHODS: A linear regression model was used to estimate trends in coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing over the period. The data collection system for Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was used. RESULTS: A significant increase in mammography coverage was observed, from 71.1% in 2007 to 78.0% in 2018. There was a trend towards an increase among women with 0 to 8 years of schooling, in all regions of Brazil. Regarding cervical oncotic cytological testing coverage, there was a trend towards stability during the period analyzed, reaching 81.7% in 2018. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the northern region. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in the coverage of these screening examinations, especially regarding mammography. However, it is still necessary to expand their provision, quality and surveillance, aimed towards women's health.

Perception about pap smear screening test among females attending a tertiary care center

Background: Knowledge regarding the screening test (Pap smear) among women has been proven to be a significant predictor of first-time screening and in turn helps in early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Hence this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of pap smear screening test for cervical cancer among the women attending the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted by the department of obstetrics and gynecology, at Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, among the women attending the outpatient department, during the month of August 2019. A total of 180 participants were included in the study. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.Results: Knowledge about carcinoma cervix and pap smear were present among 86.7% and 74.4% of participants, respectively. About the practice of pap smear, only 24.4% of the study participant have undergone the screening test and only two participants had taken the HPV vaccine.Conclusions: Most of the women had poor attitude and practice related to screening and vaccination for cervical cancer. But their attitude is favorable for screening. Hence promotion of free regular health check-up and vaccination for cervical cancer among general population might increase the awareness and decrease the disease burden.

Follow up of growth, development and clinical outcome in neonates discharged from the NICU of tertiary care hospital in central India

Background: To assess the growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of all newborn discharged from the NICU of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur on follow up for 6 months.Methods: Prospective observational cohort study of 200 high risk newborn discharged from NICU. Babies were called for follow up at 1 month, 2 months, 4 month and 6 months of corrected age and detailed information was taken regarding NICU stay and morbidity with the help of data available from discharge card. Anthropometric parameters like weight, length, and head circumference were noted.' Suitable screening tests like denver's developmental screening test for Indian infants (DDSTII) for NDD (neurodevelopmental delay) and Amiel Tison scoring for tone assessment was done.Results: Among the 200 NICU graduates chosen, 40 lost during follow up. The neurodevelopmental delay in this study was 31.3%. Authors also analysed NDD according to gestational age wise groups. NDD in pre-terms was 39.6%. The developmental delay was more in babies with neonatal sepsis, perinatal asphyxia, prematurity, RDS, NEC etc.Conclusions: The morbidities like severe perinatal asphyxia, hypoglycaemia, seizures, shock, hypoxia, hypothermia, low gestational age have direct association with NDD.

Validación de un instrumento para la pesquisa de problemas del desarrollo en menores de 5 años en Uruguay / Validation of an instrument to screen for developmental problems in children younger than 5 years old in Uruguay / Validação de um instrumento para a pesquisa de problemas de desenvolvimento em menores de 5 anos no Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción: la detección temprana de problemas del desarrollo en niños permite aplicar intervenciones oportunas que mejoran el pronóstico y disminuyen la discapacidad. Esto requiere aplicar pruebas de pesquisas sensibles, sencillas y de bajo costo. Con este propósito, en Uruguay se desarrolló la Guía Nacional para la Vigilancia del desarrollo del Niño y la Niña menores de 5 años versión 2 (GNVD V2). Su utilización requiere conocer las propiedades psicométricas e índices fijos y variables. Objetivo: validación concurrente de la GNVD V2 frente al Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle 4ª edición. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional, en una muestra representativa de niños de 1 mes a 5 años de centros educativos de Montevideo. Se relacionaron los resultados de la aplicación de la GNVD V2 con los del Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle 4ª edición. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo de la GNVD V2, según diferentes puntos de corte. Se estimó el beneficio clínico de su aplicación mediante las razones de verosimilitud o likelihood ratios. Se realizó análisis psicométrico. Resultados: la validación se realizó con 341 niños. No haber fallado en ninguna de las 12 conductas ubicadas a la izquierda de las cuatro áreas correspondientes a su edad presenta sensibilidad 77%, especificidad 65%, valor predictivo positivo 42% y valor predictivo negativo 89%. Con dicho punto de corte, el LR (+) es 2,2 y el LR (-) 0,35 y la probabilidad de presentar un trastorno cuando no pasa la prueba 1,6 y cuando la pasa 0,26. Conclusiones: la GNVD V2 posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas e índices fijos similares a tests validados a nivel internacional que permiten recomendarlo como instrumento nacional de pesquisa.

Summary: Introduction: early detection of developmental problems in children enables the application of timely interventions that improve prognosis and reduce disabilities. To that end, the application of sensitive, simple and low-cost screening procedures is required, what led to the creation of the "National Guidelines for the Surveillance of Early Childhood Development (under 5 years old children)" (GNVD V2). Use of these guidelines relies on awareness of psychometric properties a well as fixed rates and variables. Objective: concurrent validation of GNVD V2 with Battelle Developmental Inventory, Fourth Edition. Method: we conducted a transversal, observational study in a representative sample of children between 1 month and 5 years old from different schools in Montevideo. Subsequently, results from the application of GNVD V2 were compared to the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Fourth Edition. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive positive and negative values of the GNVD V2 were calculated for the different cut-off points. The clinical benefit if its application was estimated by means of likelihood ratios. A psychometric analysis was performed. Results: validation was done with 341 children. No failure occurring in any of the behaviors to the left of the four areas corresponding to age represents 77% sensitivity, 65% specificity, 42% positive predictive value and 89% negative predictive value. Given such cut-off point, LR+ is 2.2 and LR- is 0.35, and the likelihood of there being a disorder when not passing the test is 1.6 and 0.26 when passing it. Conclusions: GNVD V2 has the right psychometric properties and fixed rates that are similar to globally validated tests that allow for it to be recommended as the national screening instrument.

Resumo: Introdução: a detecção precoce de problemas de desenvolvimento em crianças permite aplicar intervenções oportunas que melhoram o prognóstico e diminuem as deficiências. Para isso é necessário aplicar provas de pesquisa sensíveis, simples e de baixo custo. Com este propósito, desenvolveu-se no Uruguai a Guía Nacional para la Vigilancia del desarrollo del Niño y la Niña menores de 5 años Versión 2 (GNVD V2). Para utilizá-la é necessário conhecer as propriedades psicométricas e os índices fixos e variáveis. Objetivo: validação concorrente da GNVD V2 comparada com o Inventário de Desenvolvimento Battelle 4ª edição. Métodos: realizou-se um estudo transversal, observacional, em uma amostra representativa de crianças com idades entre 1 mês e 5 anos de centros educativos de Montevidéu. Os resultados da aplicação da GNVD V2 foram comparados com os do Inventário de Desenvolvimento Battelle 4ª edição. A sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos da GNVD V2 segundo diferentes pontos de corte foram calculados. O benefício clínico de sua aplicação mediante as razões de verossimilhança ou "likelihood ratio" (LR) foi estimado. Uma análise psicométrica foi realizada. Resultados: a validação foi realizada com 341 crianças. Não haver mostrado falhas em nenhuma das 12 condutas a esquerda das quatro áreas correspondentes à sua idade apresenta sensibilidade 77%, especificidade 65%, valor preditivo positivo 42% e valor preditivo negativo 89%. Com este ponto de corte, o LR (+) é 2.2 e o LR (-) 0.35 e a probabilidade de apresentar um transtorno quando não passa a prova 1.6 e quando passa 0.26. Conclusões: a GNVD V2 possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas e índices fixos similares a testes validados a nível internacional que permitem recomendá-lo como instrumento nacional de pesquisa.

Study of the effect of prior calorie intake on results of random blood sugar measurement for screening of diabetes mellitus

Background: Random blood sugar (RBS) is a commonly performed screening test for type 2 diabetes in both programmatic as well as clinical settings. Previous calorie intake is known to affect the results of RBS. So, present study was conducted to assess the effect of previous calorie intake on sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (NPV) and accuracy of RBS.Methods: A cross sectional study was done in 317 patients of 30 years or more using systematic random sampling in a general outpatient department of a district hospital. All the patients underwent RBS measurement. History of calorie intake in past 1-2 hours before undergoing RBS was taken. Screening test parameters of RBS was evaluated using oral glucose tolerance test as clinical reference.Results: This study found that calorie consumption of 200 kcal or more significantly affected the screening test result of RBS. When patient had consumed 200 kcal or more in last 1-2 hours, the sensitivity of RBS is 90.0%, specificity is 57.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) is 26.9% and NPV is 97.1%. Whereas, these parameters are 63.3%. 78.5%, 43.6% and 88.9% respectively when patient had consumed less than 200 kcal in last 1-2 hours before RBS.Conclusions: Sensitivity and NPV of RBS is higher if patient had consumed more than 200 kcal 1-2 hours prior to RBS whereas specificity and PPV is higher if patient had consumed less than 200 kcal. Taking history of quantity and time of last meal would be helpful to better interpret the screening test results of RBS.

Correlation between placental location and development of preeclampsia

Background: Preeclampsia occurs in presence of placenta. Blood supply distribution within the uterus is not similar in central versus lateral sites implicating that, the site of placenta is likely to have a profound effect on the pregnancy outcome. In the light of these observations, a prospective study was designed to find out if the lateral location of placenta as seen by ultrasound between 18-24 weeks of gestation can be used to predict the development of preeclampsia.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in IGGMC, Nagpur between January 2017 and June 2018. Pregnant women, with singleton pregnancy and without any risk factor, attending the antenatal clinic were subjected to USG between 18-24 weeks of gestation. Accordingly, patients were divided into 2 groups, 51 with lateral placenta and 51 with central placenta. All 102 women were followed till term. The end point of the study was development of preeclampsia i.e. BP >140/90 and urine albumin >300 mg in 24 hours sample. The data obtained was analysed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: Out of 102 patients, 80.9% were from lateral placenta group and only 19.1% were from central placenta. Sensitivity of this as screening test for preeclampsia was 80.9% while specificity was 58%, Odds ratio being 5.875. In predicting preeclampsia, lateral placenta had a meaningful effect with p value <0.001.Conclusions: Placental laterality, as determined by USG between 18-24 weeks of gestation, is a simple and cost-effective screening test for development of preeclampsia.

Comparative study of tubal patency by sonosalpingogram hysterosalpingography and diagnostic laparoscopy

Background: Sonosalpingography has been suggested as the first-line method to study tubal patency. This study is to bring into focus the value of pelvic sonogram in accessing tubal patency in order to overcome the radiation hazard associated with hysterosalpingogram reduce the cost of examination and encourage it at first-line office. Objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of sonosalpingogram, hysterosalpingography and diagnostic laparoscopy for tubal patency as a cause for female infertility.Methods: It is a prospective study in 100 patients attending for evaluation of infertility for a period of 2 years were chosen for this study. All cases with primary and secondary infertility who have attended infertility clinic for tubal causes.Results: 68 cases were found to have bilateral patency as per SSG while 58 cases had bilateral patency as HSG. Similarly 24 cases had bilateral block as per SSG while 28 cases had bilateral block as per HSG. 8 cases had unilateral block as per SSG while 14 cases had unilateral block as per HSG.  This difference in observations may probably attribute to tubal spasm in HSG. Bilateral patency was observed in 68 cases as against 64 cases in laparoscopy.  Out of these 68 cases 9 cases were false positive as bilaterally patent.  However bilateral blocks were shown to be 24 in both methods. Out of 12 cases of unilateral block as per laparoscopy 8 cases were detected by SSG. There was false negative rate of 5%. There was false negative rate of 10% for tubal patency with HSG.Conclusions: For low risk subjects for tubal factors in infertility, sonosalpingogram can be employed as a screening test of choice and for high risk subjects HSG and laparoscopy can be used.

Elder abuse among residents of Shivamogga: a cross sectional study

Background: As per the WHO estimates the global population of people aged 60 years and above will increase from 900 million in 2015 to about 2 billion in 2050. Abuse of elderly has become a problem even in India. Due to social taboo, the elder abuse at community setting is usually not reported. Even though elder abuse is an important public health problem, very little is known about the extent of abuse especially in developing countries. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shivamogga. A total of 200 elderly persons were interviewed using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. The person showing suggestive score was further asked about type of abuse and perpetrator of mistreatment. Results: Our study showed total prevalence of elder abuse in the community to be 24%. The extent of abuse was more among females especially the housewives. The most common type of abuse was verbal abuse followed by psychological abuse. Son was the common perpetrator of mistreatment. Conclusions: Elder abuse is much prevalent in the community. There is a need for further studies to generalise the findings.